The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter, with a volume 1,300 times greater than

Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. It is thought to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive, Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear

5) reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures of millions of kilograms per

10) square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might lock together to form a liquid with the properties of a metal. Some scientists believe that the innermost core of Jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth. Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours. As a result, its clouds, which are composed largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into alternating dark and bright

15) bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling Great Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculatet might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size (the Earth could easily fit inside it), lasts for hundreds of years. Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval

20) heat or beat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet. Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its sixteen natural satellites, which, like a miniature model of the Solar System, decrease in density with distance—from rocky moons close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-preserved sample of the early solar nebula, and with its satellites, might contain the most important clues about the origin of the Solar System.

1.The word “attained” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) attempted

(B) changed

(C) lost

(D) reached

2.The word “flamed” in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) burned

(B) divided

(C) fallen

(D) grown

3.The word “they” in line 6 refers to

(A) nuclear reactions

(B) giant planets

(C) terrestrial

(D) substances

4.According to the passage, hydrogen can become a metallic-like liquid when it is

(A) extremely hot

(B) combined with helium

(C) similar atmospheres

(D) metallic cores

5.According to the passage, some scientists believe Jupiter and Earth are similar in that they both have

(A) solid surfaces

(B) similar masses

(C) similar atmospheres

(D) metallic cores

6.The clouds surrounding Jupiter are mostly composed of

(A) ammonia

(B) helium

(C) hydrogen

(D) methane

7.It can be inferred from the passage that the appearance of alternating bands circling Jupiter is caused by

(A) the Great Red Spot

(B) heat from the Sun

(C) the planet’s fast rotation

(D) Storms from the planet’s Southern Hemisphere

8.The author uses the word “puzzling” in line 15 to suggest that the Great Red Spot is

(A) the only spot of its kind

(B) not well understood

(C) among the largest of such spots

(D) a problem for the planet’s continued existence

9.Paragraph 3 supports which of the following conclusions?

(A) Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as the Sun.

(B) Jupiter has a weaker gravitational force than the other planets.

(C) Scientists believe that Jupiter was once a star.

(D) Scientists might learn about the beginning of the Solar System by Studying Jupiter.

10.Why does the author mention primeval heat (lines 19-20) ?

(A) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the Sun

(B) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the other planets

(C) To suggest a possible explanation for the number of satellites that Jupiter has

(D) To suggest a possible source of the quantity of heat that Jupiter gives off

 

From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork, Where stone was the local building material, a

5) mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables

10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm. Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one historian, as “an orchestra conducted by nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the winter,

other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were

15) only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials, While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example,

20) carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality— and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.

1.What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Farming practices

(B) The work of artisans

(C) The character of rural neighborhoods

(D) Types of furniture that were popular

2.The word “inception” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) investigation

(B) location

(C) beginning

(D) records

3.The word “fabricating” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) constructing

(B) altering

(C) selecting

(D) demonstrating

4.It can be inferied from the from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was

(A) especially helpful to woodworkers

(B) popular in rural areas

(C) continuous in winter

(D) expensive

5.Why did colonial artisans want to “regularize their schedules their schedules” (line 18)?

(A) To enable them to produce high quality products

(B) To enable them to duplicate an item many times

(C) To impress their customers

(D) To keep expenses low

6.The phrase “resort to” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) protecting with

(B) moving toward

(C) manufacturing

(D) using

7.The word “few’ in lines 23 refers to

(A) woodworkers

(B) finished pieces

(C) customers

(D) chests

8. It can inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that were

(A) simple

(B) delicate

(C) beautifully decorated

(D) exceptionally long-lasti